Discovery of predictive rule sets for chlorophyll-a dynamics in the Nakdong River (Korea) by means of the hybrid evolutionary algorithm HEA

Article history: Received 15 February 2005 Received in revised form 29 July 2005 Accepted 9 August 2005 This paper presents a hybrid evolutionary algorithm (HEA) to discover complex rule sets predicting the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl.a) based on themeasuredmeteorological, hydrological and limnological variables in the hypertrophic Nakdong River. The HEA is designed: (1) to evolve the structure of rule sets by using genetic programming and (2) to optimise the random parameters in the rule sets by means of a genetic algorithm. Timeseries of input–output data from 1995 to 1998 without and with time lags up to 7 days were used for training HEA. Independent input–output data for 1994 were used for testing HEA. HEA successfully discovered rule sets for multiple nonlinear relationships between physical, chemical variables and Chl.a, which proved to be predictive for unseen data as well as explanatory. The comparison of results by HEA and previously applied recurrent artificial neural networks to the same data with input–output time lags of 3 days revealed similar good performances of both methods. The sensitivity analysis for the best performing predictive rule set unraveled relationships between seasons, specific input variables and Chl.a which to some degree correspond with known properties of the Nakdong River. The statistics of numerous random runs of the HEA also allowed determining most relevant input variables without a priori knowledge. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.